Chronic renal failure is a progressive disease characterized by a gradual destruction of nephrons and a consequent reduction of\nkidney function. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) necessitates renal replacement therapy as peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, or\ntransplantation. Patients affected by ESRD or in hemodialysis are at risk for developing a number of comorbidities including\nhypertension, anemia, risk of bleeding, susceptibility to infection, medication side effects, and oral manifestations associated with\nthe disease itself and with hemodialysis treatment. In this context, oral diseases represent a potential and preventable cause of poor\nhealth outcomes in people with ESRD due to their relation to infection, inflammation, and malnutrition. The aim of this article\nwas to review ESRD and hemodialysis-associated manifestations and to describe the dental operative protocols for patients\nawaiting kidney transplantation in light of the most recent literature.
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